Loss of plosion
Pt Tk Db Gd
It’s a case of loss of plosion. The plosive consonants … having different places of articulation (the same place of articulation) are in contact within a word (at a word junction). The obstruction is removed and a plosion is heard only after the second consonant.
Nasal plosion
T, d, p, b, k, g + n, m
It’s a case of nasal plosion. At the junction of the plosive consonants with the nasal sonorants the articulation of the sonorant starts when the articulation of the plosive consonant is not yet finished. As a result, instead of removing the obstruction in the mouth cavity, the air stream passes through the nasal cavity.
Lateral plosion
T, d, p, b, k, g + l
It’s a case of lateral plosion. The plosive consonant and the lateral sonorant L are in contact within a word (at the word junction). The plosion is produced during the pronunciation of the sonorant as the air stream passes along the sides of the tongue, lowered for the articulation of L.
Non-final intonation group
Low Rise
It’s a non-final intonation group is pronounced with a low-rising tone preceded by high prenuclear part to show that the utterance is not finished.
Falling-Rising
It’s a non-final intonation group is pronounced with a falling-rising tone for emphasis.
Falling
It’s a non-final intonation group is pronounced with a high falling tone to add a greater semantic weight.
Fricative plosion
Ts ds ks ps
It’s a case of fricative plosion. The plosive consonant precedes the fricative consonant within a word (at a word junction). It has its release during the pronunciation of the fricative.
Regressive assimilation affecting the place of articulation
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T, d, n, l, s, z + th …
At the juncture of the alveolar consonant and the interdental consonant the alveolar consonant is represented by their dental variants.
Double assimilation
Tw kw sw
It’s a case of double assimilation. Progressive assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords, under the influence of the voices consonant W is devoiced. And regressive assimilation affecting the position of lips, the consonant preceding W is lip-rounded.
Parentheses
Initial parentheses
Often form a separate intonation-group of all non-final group.
Low rise
It’s a case of an initial parenthesis which forms a separate intonation group and is pronounced with a low rising tone which is common pattern.
High fall
It’s a case of an initial parenthesis which forms a separate intonation group and is pronounced with a high falling nuclear tone and sound weighty and more important.
Falling-Rising
It’s a case of an initial parenthesis which forms a separate intonation group and is pronounced with falling-rising tone for emphasis or contrast.(I suppose,Ibelieve,Ipresume,I’mafraid,I think, they may be unstressed or partiallystressed, and then they form the prehead of a tune or they may have a full stressed which becomes part of the head.
Final parentheses
It’s a case of a final parenthesis which doesn’t form a separate intonation group and is pronounced as a tail. (or as a part of nucleus of a falling-rising tune(divided)).
Parentheses in the middle
It’ a case of a middle parenthesis which forms a separate intonation group and is pronounced in a lower pitch and at a quicker tempo.
Linking R
It’s a case of linking r. The word form ends in a vowel and has the letter r in its spelling. The following word begins with a vowel. We insert the sound r for convenience.
Double assimilation
Trdrthrthr
It’s a case of double assimilation. Progressive assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords. Under the influence of the voiceless consonant the sound r is completely (or partial) devoiced. Regressive assimilation affecting the place of articulation. Under the influence of the post alveolar r the alveolar … becomes post alveolar.
Besides we observe progressive assimilation affecting the manner of articulation. Under the influence of the noise consonant … r becomes fricative.
Progressive assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords
Trprkrstrskrthrfrsr
It’s a case of progressive assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords. Under the influence of the voiceless … r becomes completely devoiced.
Absence of assimilation
S+thz+thth+zth+sv+thf+th
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It’s a case of absence of assimilation. The adjacent sounds … and … precerve their quality.
Statement
Straightforward statement
It’s a straightforward statement which is pronounced with high falling tone preceded by … head and sound energetic, light.
Implicatory statement
It’s an implicatory statement which is pronounced with falling-rising tone preceded by … head and sound it conveys contradiction, correction, contrast, apology, cordiality.
Friendly statement
It’s a friendly statement which is pronounced with a low rising tone and a high-pitched prenuclearpart and sound warm, lively and encouraging.
Initial Reporting phrases
Low Rise
It’s an initial reporting phrases which forms a separate intonation group is pronounced with a Low Rise in reading aloudand shows incompleteness.
Mid level
It’s an initial reporting phrases which forms a separate intonation group is pronounced with a Mid level which is common pattern.
Falling-rising
It’s an initial reporting phrases which forms a separate intonation group is pronounced with a Falling-rising tone in reading aloud.
Falling tone
It’s an initial reporting phrases which forms a separate intonation group is pronounced with a Falling to add prominence.
Middle Reporting phrases
Middle reporting phrases usually don’t form a separate group and are usually pronounced as a tail of a previous international group.
Final Reporting phrases
Final reporting phrases usually don’t form a separate group and are usually pronounced as a tail.
Reporting phrases in reported speech
Generally forms the first non-final (intonation group) of an utterance. Like all non-final groups, reporting phrases may take various nuclear tones: LR,FR,F.
Direct address
Falling tone
It’s an initial direct address which a separate intonation group is pronounced with a High Falling tone to show the speaker’s serious attitude.
Falling-Rising
It’s an initial direct address which a separate intonation group is pronounced with a Falling-Rising tone to convey the speaker’s warm and friendly attitude.
Low rising
It’s an initial direct address which a separate intonation group is pronounced with a Low Rising tone used at the beginning of an informal speech.
Final and Medial direct address
They become part of a Falling-Rising divided nucleus and is sound warmer and the address is more prominent.
Conversational formulas
Greetings, Farewells, Apologies and expressions of Gratitude they can be normal (neutral), friendly (very polite, warm, lively), casual (perfunctory).
Friendly
Friendly formulas is pronounced with a Falling-Rising tone (undivided or divided) (preceded by a high level or a sliding head) and sounds warm, polite, and lively.
Casual
Casual formulas is pronounced with a Low rising tone preceded by a low prenuclear part and sound perfunctory.
Normal Greetings, Apologies and expressions of Gratitude
NormalGreetings, Apologies and expressions of Gratitude formulas is pronounced with a HighFalling preceded by high nuclear part and sound neutral.(tone combined with a high level or stepping head and a low or high prehead.)
Normal Farewells
Normal Farewells is pronounced with a low-Rise preceded by a high prenuclear pitch.
Elision of [t,d,h]
Lan d scape
It’s a case of elision the sound [d] is dropped because it is between two other consonants.
